Based cerebrumiq on this split-brain model, the behavioral aspect of cognitive-behavioral therapy would be more cerebellar and the cognitive aspects of CBT would be more cerebral. Additionally, the key to avoiding « paralysis by analysis » would be to rely less on the prefrontal cortex and more on the cerebellum. I realize now that this hypothesis isn’t 100 percent accurate; there’s more to the story. At CVI Scotland we are devoted to helping people understand cerebral visual impairments, and together working towards developing the understanding of this complex condition.

Psychology Memory Unit – PowerPoints, Guided Notes, Worksheets, Kahoot, Test, & Google Slides/Apps

The studies contain limited numbers of exposed pregnancies and for the studies that suggest an increased risk it is considered that the results may be affected by confounding. Clinical studies examining the effect of polytherapy are more limited and are restricted to data from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Registry and the Australian Pregnancy Registry, involving more than 300 exposed pregnancies. Non-clinical studies in the published scientific literature in rodents showed neurodegenerative changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of fetuses exposed to gabapentin during early and mid-pregnancy (Prakash et al 2008 and Badawy et al 2019). However, limitations in the design of these studies make them insufficient to determine the effects of gabapentin on the developing nervous system. An unpublished Good Laboratory Practice compliant study in pregnant rats showed non-dose-related behavioural changes in the performance of the offspring during tests of activity and emotionality but the changes were not statistically significantly different from those of the control animals. Overall, the non-clinical data does not provide clear evidence that exposure to gabapentin during pregnancy adversely affects the development of the central nervous system.

11 Other Antiepileptic Drugs

Confidence intervals (CI) are used to assess the true difference in risk between two groups, and usually accompany ratio values such as odds ratios, hazard ratios and ‘observed versus expected’ ratios. A 95% CI suggests that there is a 95% chance that the real difference between two groups is within this interval. If a 95% CI does not cross 1, the ratio is regarded as statistically significant.

• Studies that explore a dose-dependent risk are very limited but where this was studied (Nulman et al 1997, Samren et al 1997, Kaneko et al 1999, Kaaja 2003, Hernandez-Diaz et al 2012) the data do not consistently show an association between dose and risk of major congenital malformations.
• However, the numbers exposed in each of these studies and the total overall numbers of exposed pregnancies (around 600 first trimester exposed pregnancies) remains relatively low and do not allow robust conclusions to be drawn.
• Depression is a mood disorder which is thought to be caused, in part, by a lack of serotonin in the brain.
• It’s important because it means that organisms don’t waste time and energy by responding to stimuli that do not pose a danger to them.
• The available clinical data examining the effect of topiramate on fetal loss are very limited and the findings are inconsistent (Ornoy et al 2008, Trivedi et al 2018, Vajda et al 2018, Veroniki et al 2017a).

However, the number of exposures in the available clinical studies remains very limited and suggests that this is an area where further study would be very important. For the outcome of autism spectrum disorders, the data for lamotrigine were not completely consistent, with some studies reporting increases in the risk of autism spectrum disorders and similar outcomes, but with different estimates of the size of the increase. The prevalence of major congenital malformations varies between 1.17% and 8% in the studies, likely reflecting the different study methodologies and populations studied. However, they generally appear to support a prevalence of around 4–5% and a risk of major congenital malformations following in-utero exposure to carbamazepine monotherapy that is higher than in the general population (2–3%) and higher than that seen in women with epilepsy who are untreated. Congenital malformations reported include cleft lip or palate, cardiac malformations, neural tube defects, hypospadias, genitourinary tract defects, skeletal malformations including club foot and polydactyly and respiratory and gastrointestinal malformations.

Visual spatial skills help individuals find their orientation in space through taking in information from the world around them and organizing that visual information to create an understanding of meaningful patterns. It is one of a number of cognitive functions that also include perception, attention, memory, motor skills and language. These are population-based registers that collect data from medical records about the prenatal, delivery and neonatal care of pregnant women and their offspring. Such registers support the monitoring of the health of pregnant women and their offspring and are used for research purposes.